Square-cube law
The square-cube law is a principle, drawn from the mathematics of proportion, that is applied in engineering and biomechanics. It states:
When an object undergoes a proportional increase in size, its new volume is proportional to the cube of the multiplier and its new surface area is proportional to the square of the multiplier.
- <math>v_2=v_1\left(\frac{\ell_2}{\ell_1}\right)^3<math>
where <math>v_1<math> is the original volume, <math>v_2<math> is the new volume, <math>\ell_1<math> is the original length and <math>\ell_2<math> is the new length. Note that it doesn't matter which length is used.
- <math>A_2=A_1\left(\frac{\ell_2}{\ell_1}\right)^2<math>
where <math>A_1<math> is the original surface area and <math>A_2<math> is the new surface area.
For example, if a cube with a side length of 1 metre were doubled in size, its volume would be 8 m³ and its surface area would be 24 m². This principle apples to all solids.
It should be noted that the ratio of the volume to the surface area of one face is equal to the scaling factor.
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Applications
Engineering
When a physical object maintains the same density and is scaled up its mass is increased by the cube of the multiplier while its surface area only increases by the square of said multiplier. This would mean that when the larger version of the object is accelerated at the same rate as the original, more pressure would be exerted on the surface of the larger object. The object would therefore have less ability to resist stress and would be more prone to collapse while accelerating. This is why large vehicles perform poorly in crash tests and why there are limits to how high buildings could be built. Similarly, the larger an object is, the less other objects would resist its motion, causing its deceleration.
Biomechanics
If an animal were scaled up by a considerable amount, its muscular strength would be severely reduced since the cross section of its muscles would increase by the square of the scaling factor while their mass would increase by the cube of the scaling factor. As a result of this, cardiovascular functions would be severely limited. In the case of flying animals, their wing loading would be increased if they were scaled up, and they would therefore have to fly faster to gain the same amount of lift. This would be difficult considering that muscular strength was reduced.