Spherical pendulum

A spherical pendulum is a generalization of the pendulum. It consists of a mass moving without friction on a sphere. The only forces acting on the mass are the reaction from the sphere and gravity.

It is convenient to use spherical coordinates and describe the position of the mass in terms of <math>(r,\theta,\phi)<math>, where r is fixed.

The Lagrangian is

<math>

L=\frac{1}{2} m\left(

 r^2\dot{\theta}^2+r^2\sin^2\theta\ \dot{\phi}^2

\right) + mgr\cos\theta. <math>

The Euler-Lagrange equations give

<math>

\frac{d}{dt} \left(mr^2\dot{\theta} \right) -mr^2\sin\theta\cos\theta\dot{\phi}^2+ mgr\sin\theta =0 <math> and

<math>

\frac{d}{dt} \left(

 mr^2\sin\theta
 \,
 \dot{\phi}

\right) =0 <math> showing that angular momentum is conserved.