Refraction (metallurgy)

In metallurgy, refraction is a property of metals that indicates their ability to withstand heat. Metals with a high degree of refraction are referred to as refractory. These metals derive their high melting temperatures from strong interatomic bonding to each other. Metals in this group include molybdenum, niobium, tungsten, and tantalum. These materials are also noted for their high elastic modulus and hardness.