Pasha

This article discusses the rank/title used in the Ottoman Empire. For other uses see pasha (disambiguation)

In the Ottoman Empire, the high rank of Pasha (or pascha, bashaw; Turkish spelling: paşa) typically distinguished governors and generals. Pashas governed territories called pashaluks or eyalets. The word pasbalik designates a province governed by or under the jurisdiction of a pasha.

As an honorary title, Pasha equates to Sir.

Pashas ranked above beys, but below khedives and viziers.

The sultan of Turkey and (by delegation) the khedive of Egypt had the right to bestow the title of Pasha. The title appears, originally, to have applied exclusively to military commanders, but subsequently it could distinguish any high official, and also unofficial persons whom their superiors desired to honour.

Ottoman authorities conferred the title indifferently upon Moslems and Christians, and frequently gave it to foreigners in the service of the Turks or of the Egyptians. Three grades of pasha exist, formerly distinguished by the number of horse-tails (three, two and one respectively) which they had the entitlement to display as symbols of authority when on campaign.

Etymologists variously derive the word pasha from the Persian padshah, Turkish padishah, equivalent to "king" or "emperor", and from the Turkish bash (in some dialects pash), a "head", "chief", etc.

Old Turkish had no fixed distinction between /b/ and /p/. As first used in western Europe the title appeared in writing with the initial "b". The English forms bashaw, bassaw, bucha, etc., general in the 16th and 17th century, derive through the medieval Latin and Italian word bass.

In usage, the title followed the given name. Although the word serves as a non-hereditary title, English-speakers have commonly used pasha as if it formed part of a personal name, as for instance in Ibrahim Pasha or Emin Pasha.

Notable pashas:

• Abbas I of Egypt
• Abbas II of Egypt
• Ali Pasha
• Emin Pasha
• Enver Pasha
• Essad Pasha
• Glubb Pasha
• Ibrahim Pasha
• Ismet Pasha (Inönü)
• Jafar al-Askari
• The Köprülü family, especially Kara Mustafa
• Mehemet Ali
• Mehmed Pasha Sokolović
• Mustafa Pasha
• Mustafa Kemal Pasha, subsequently known as Kemal Atatürk
• Said Pasha
• Sinan Pasha
• Sulejman Pasha
• Tewfik Pasha
• Turhan Pasha Përmeti
• Tusun Pasha
• Valentine Aker Pasha Baker
• honorific
• sir

This article incorporates text from the public domain 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica.