Origin of Albanians

The origin of Albanians has been for some time a matter of dispute among historians. Albanians are people who speak Albanian, an Indo-European language that has no other close living relative, making it dificult to determine from what ancient Balkan language it evolved.

Place of origin

The place where Albanian was formed is also disputed, but by studying the language we can learn that Albanian was formed in a mountainous region rather than plain or seacoast: while the words for plants and animals that are characteristic of the mountainous regions are entirely original, the names for sea-fishes and those for agricultural activities, (such as ploughing) are borrowed from other languages.

We can also be sure that the Albanians didn't live in Dalmatia, because the Latin influence over Albanian is of Balkan Romance (that evolved into Romanian) origin rather than of Dalmatian origin. This Balkan Romance influence includes Latin words exhibiting idiomatic expressions and meaning changes that are only found in Romanian and not in other Romance languages. Adding this to the words common only to Albanian and Romanian, we can assume that the Romanians and Albanians once lived closely. Generally the areas where this might have happened are considered to be regions varying from Transylvania, Eastern Serbia (region around Naissus/Nis), Kosovo and Northern Albania/Macedonia.

However, Romanian has most agricultural terms of Latin origin, but not terms related to city activities, showing that Romanians, as opposed to Albanians (who were originally shepherds), were agricultural people in the low-plains.

Some scholars even explain the gap between Bulgarian and Serbian languages by an Albanian-Romanian buffer-zone east of the Morava river. (although an intermediary Serbian dialect exists, it was formed only later after the Serbian expansion to the east)

Another argument that sustains a northern origin of Albanians is the relative small number of words of Greek origin, although Southern Illyria was under the influence of Greek/Byzantine civilization and language, especially after the break-down of the Roman Empire.

Earliest mentions of Albanians in Albania

• In the II Century BC, the geographer and astronomer from Alexandria, Ptolemy drafted a map of remarkable significance for the history of Illyria. This map shows the city of Albanopolisi (located south of Durrës), from which the Albanians were later on to be identified by the world.

• The first mention of Albanians in the region corresponding to modern Albania is as the Arbanites of Arbanon in Anna Commenas account of the troubles in that region caused in the reign of her father Alexius I Comneus (1081- 1118) by the Normans. (The Alexiad, 4)
• In ‘History’ written in 1079–1080, Byzantine historian Michael Attaliates was first to refer to the "Albanoi" as having taken part in a revolt against Constantinople in 1043 and to the Arbanitai as subjects of the duke of Dyrrachium.
• 1285 in Dubrovnik (Ragusa) where a sizeable Albanian community had existed for some time. In the investigation of a robbery in the house of Petro del Volcio of Belena (now Prati), a certain Matthew, son of Mark of Mançe, who appears to have been witness to the crime, states: "Audivi unam vocem clamantem in monte in lingua albanesca" (I heard a voice crying in the mountains in the Albanian language).

Ethnic origin

The two chief candidates considered by historians are Illyrian or Thracian, though there were other groups in the ancient Balkans that were neither Illyrian nor Thracian, including Paionians (who lived north of Macedon), Agrianes, Laeaeans, Odomantians, Siropaeonians, and Paeoplians. The Illyrian language and the Thracian language are generally considered to have been on different Indo-European branches. Not much is left of the old Illyrian or Thracian tongues, making it difficult to match Albanian with any of them.

There is debate whether the Illyrian language was Centum or Satem, and there is no conclusive evidence yet either way, though what evidence there is strongly indicates that Illyrian was centum. It is also uncertain whether the Illyrians spoke a homogenous language or rather a collection of dialects or even different languages that were wrongly considered the same language by ancient writers. The same is sometimes said of the Thracian language. For example, based on the toponyms, it has been argued that Thracian and Dacian may be different languages or dialects.

In the early half of the 20th century, many scholars thought that Thracian and Illyrian were one language, but due to the lack of evidence, most linguists are skeptical and now reject this idea, and usually place them on different branches. The Messapian language is often considered to have been an Illyrian language, but this is disputed by some.

Illyrian Origin

The theory is that the Albanian language represents a survival of an indigenous Illyrian language. There is a gap of eight centuries between the last historical mention of the Illyrians and the first mention of Albanians and of the names 'Albanon' and 'Arbanon' to indicate the region. Supporters of the theory say that the term 'Albanian' gradually came to be applied to the surviving Illyrians.

Arguments for:

• the strongest evidence for the connection between Illyrian and Albanian must be the few direct correspondances of vocabulary often cited ^[1]
• It is claimed by several Albanian scholars that the Komani-Kruja burial sites support the Illyrian-Albanian continuity theory, but other scholars of slavic and non-slavic origin reject this claim and consider that the remains indicate a population of Romanized Illyrians who spoke a Romanic language ^[2]
• there are no records that indicate a migration of Albanians into present day Albania
• Some Illyrian names among Albanians are used, yet it is known that the names were only lately and consciously introduced to emphasize the Illyrian ancestry that is claimed
• According to Dr. S. S. Juka, "Kosova’s toponomy is another indication that the ancestors of the Albanians must have inhabited Dardania." [11]
• Albanoi tribe is mentioned as an Illyrian tribe by the ancient geographer Ptolemy in Book 3 of ‘Geographia’ around the same area where Albania is in today.
• Ancient terms for cities, rivers and mountains are preserved till this day in Albanian language on those areas populated with Albanians and where the Albanian language is or was spooken before. Many of these terms are Illyrian. (Eqrem Çabej, Illyrian language & Albanian language).
• There is a definite Messapic connection between what is now Albania and southern Italy.

Here follows some examples:

• Ragusa: Rush
• Scodra: Shkoder
• Astibus: Shtip
• Naissus: Nish (Naissus was in Moesia and is usually considered Thracian)
• Scradus mons: Shar
• Scupi: Shkup (not known to be Illyrian)
• Drivastum: Drisht
• Pirustae: Qafa e Prushit
• Lissus: Lesh/Lezha (in Latin to Albanian, Lat. -is- becomes Albanian --esh--)
• Candavia: Kunavlja
• Durrachium: Durrës (lat. suffix -ium)
• Isamnus: Ishem
• Scampinus: Shkumbini
• Aulon: Vlone/ Vlore
• Thyamis: Tcham
• Ulcinium: Ulqin (lat. suffix -ium)
• Amatia: Mati
• Stoponion: Shtiponje
• Tomarus: Tomor
• Ochrid: Ohër
• Phoenice: Foinike, Finiq
• Drinus: Drini
• Mathis: Mat
• Ulpiana (Ulipiana): Lipjan (Ulpiana is a Roman toponym)

Arguments against:

• the Albanians were not mentioned in Byzantine chronicles until 1043, although Illyria was part of the Byzantine Empire, and since the Illyrians are referred to for the last time as an ethnic group in Miracula Sancti Demetri (7th century AD.), some scholars maintain that after the arrival of the Slavs the Illyrians were extinct. ^[3]
• (see the Jireček Line) it is believed that most inhabitants of Illyria were Hellenized (the Southern part) and later Romanized (opponents say that some Illyrians were not Hellenized or Romanized, but maintained their own language, which may have been a proto-Albanian language). ^[4]
• most Illyrian toponyms, hydronyms, names, and words have not been shown to be related to Albanian, and they do not indicate that Illyrians spoke a proto-Albanian language (opponents say that many of these toponyms, hydronyms and names are Hellenized and Romanized; weather the change in form is dramatic or not is hard to know).
• ancient Illyrian toponyms (such as Shkoder from the ancient Scodra, Tomor from ancient Tomarus) were not directly inherited in Albanian, as their modern names do not correspond to the phonetic laws of Albanian ^[5]
• a number of scholars believe that Illyrian was a Centum language, though others disagree. If Illyrian was Centum, then it is unlikely that Albanian (which is basically Satem) is an Illyrian language ^[6]

Thracian/Dacian origin

Arguments for:

• Albanian shares several hundred common words with Romanian, believed to be part of the Dacian substrate (see: List of Dacian words), as well as grammatical and phonological features (see: Balkan language union). ^[7]
• Vladimir Georgiev claimed that the phonetics of the Dacian language (based largely on his interpretation of the toponyms) are close to those of Albanian. ^[8]
• names of the cities that follow Albanian phonetic laws (which include Shtip, Shkupi and Nish) are in the areas once inhabited by Thracians, Dardani, and Paionians. ^[9]
• There are some correspondances between Thracian and Albanian words, but few in comparison to the body of material. ^[10]

Arguments against:

• many Dacians and Thracian placenames were made out of joined names (such as "Sucidava" or "Bessapara"), while Albanian language does not allow this. ^[11]
• there are no records that indicate a migration of Dacians into present day Albania. ^[12]
• from the extensive body of Thracian and Dacian words, names, and language-elements, only a very small number of them have been linked to Albanian; the great majority of Daco-Thracian words and names do not have Albanian correspondances. ^{[13] [14]}
• the common non-Romance words between Albanian and Romanian may possibly be explained by another scenario, and some of these common words may have been words that were exchanged between proto-Albanians and Dacians and Thracians in ancient times, the exchange going both ways, however, this would not explain the common Romance words and expressions. ^{[15] [16]}
• the closeness in phonetics between Dacian and Albanian that Vladimir Georgiev claimed is not accepted by a large number of linguists; it has been challenged and even possibly disproven, and is based on fragmentary evidence. ^[17]
• the Balkan language union may date back to Neolithic times, so what phonetic similarities may have existed between Dacian and Albanian could be explained by linguistic interactions over the centuries. ^[18]
• It is clear from linguistic analysis that the proto-Albanian language and the language of the Romanian substratum were already no longer one language (if they ever were) before the Roman conquest of Dacia; so the proto-Albanian speakers and the speakers of Romanian's substratum language most likely were not both living in the same area (Dacia, etc.) at the time of the Roman conquest.

Pelasgian/Etruscan origin

The Pelasgians are generally considered to be the people that were living in the Balkans before the Indo-European arrival, the Greek writers mentioning them as autochthonic peoples that predated hellenic settlement. The Etruscans were also indigenous people of Europe, but it is not known whether they were or not related to the Pelasgians.

The Communist regime of Albania embraced the ideology that the Albanians were descendants of the Etruscans (based on the books of French scholar Zacharia Mayani) and used this for propaganda, discarding the fact proven scientifically that Albanian is an Indo-European language (having known kins would make Albanians less unique).

Mainstream linguists and historians never seriously considered the idea of Albanians having an Etruscan origin, because the proponents of the Etruscan-theory were not using a scientific method, but were using pure linguistic coincidences.

Caucasus origin

In ancient times, there was another region called "Albania", in the Caucasus, bordering the Caspian Sea. However, that name was simply a coincidence, "alb" being a common Indo-European word meaning "white" or "mountain" with many toponyms deriving from it, including the Alps and Alba, the Gaelic name of Scotland.

See also

• History of Albania
• Dacian language
• Thracian language
• Illyrian language
• Origin of Romanians

References

1. ^  Duridanov, Ivan. "The Language of the Thracians", (Ezikyt na trakite), Nauka i izkustvo, Sofia, 1976
2. ^  Georgiev, Vladimir. "Genesis of the Balkan People", The Slavonic and East European Review 44, no. 103, 1960, p. 285–297
3. ^  Malcolm, Noel. "Kosovo, a short history", Macmilan, London, 1998, p. 22–40
4. ^  Eric P. Hamp, University of Chigaco The Position of Albanian (Ancient IE dialects, Proceedings of the Conference on IE linguistics held at the University of California, Los Angeles, April 25–27, 1963, ed. By Henrik Birnbaum and Jaan Puhvel)
5. ^  Rosetti, Alexandru. "History of the Romanian language" (Istoria limbii române), 2 vols., Bucharest, 1965–1969.
6. ^  Alinei, Mario. "Balkan sprachbund may date back to Neolithic times", May 2003.
7. ^  Wilkes, John. "The Illyrians", Oxford, 1992.
8. ^  Jirecek, Konstantin. "The history of the Serbians" (Geschichte der Serben), Gotha, 1911
9. ^  Cabej, Eqrem "Die aelteren Wohnsitze der Albaner auf der Balkanhalbinsel im Lichte der Sprache und Ortsnamen", Florence, 1961
10. ^  G. Weigand, "Sind die Albaner die Nachkommen der Illyrier oder der Thraker"
11. ^  By Dr. S.S. Juka Kosova: The Albanians in Yugoslavia in light of historical documents