Michel de Montaigne

Michel Eyquem de Montaigne (February 28, 1533 – September 13, 1592) was an influential French Renaissance writer, generally considered to be the inventor of the personal essay. In his main work, the Essays, unprecedented in its candidness and personal flavor, he takes mankind and especially himself as the object of study. He is generally considered to be a Skeptic and a Humanist.

Life

Montaigne was born in Périgord, on the family estate Château de Montaigne near Bordeaux. The family was very rich; his grandfather had made a fortune as herring merchants and had bought the estate in 1477. His father was a soldier in Italy for a time, and developed some very progressive views on education there, and he and had been the mayor of Bordeaux. His mother, Antoniette de Lopez, came from a Spanish Jewish family, but was herself raised Protestant. Montaigne was sent to a small cottage with a peasant family and a tutor until he was six, and while he lived there he spoke exclusively in Latin, the language of the educated class.

After his six years in the country, he was sent to study at a prestigious boarding school in Bordeaux, the Collège de Guyenne, and afterwards he studied law in Toulouse and entered a career in the legal system. He was a counselor of the Court des Aides of Périgueaux, in 1557 he was appointed councilor of the Bordeaux Parliament, and from 1561 to 1563 he was at the court of Charles IX. While serving at the Bordeaux Parliament, he became very close friends with the humanist writer Étienne de la Boétie. Boëtie's death in 1563 deeply influenced Montaigne. Montaigne married in 1565; he had five daughters, but only one survived childhood. In 1568 his father died and he inherited the Château de Montaigne, and he moved back in 1570.

He started to write in 1569, first a translation of the Spanish monk Raymond Sebond's Theologia naturalis, then a posthumous edition of Boétie's works. In 1571 he retired to the Château where in his library he began work on his Essays, first published in 1580.

During this time of the Wars of Religion in France, Montaigne, himself a Roman Catholic, acted as a moderating force, respected both by the Catholic King Henry III and the Protestant Henry of Navarre.

Beginning in 1578, Montaigne suffered from painful kidney stones. From 1580 to 1581, Montaigne travelled in France, Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Italy, partly in search for a cure. He kept a detailed journal recording various episodes and regional differences. It was published much later, in 1774, under the title Travel Journal.

While in Rome in 1581, he learned that he was elected mayor of Bordeaux; he returned and served until 1585, again moderating between Catholics and Protestants. The plague broke out in Bordeaux toward the end of his term.

Montaigne continued to extend, revise and oversee the publication of his Essays. In 1588 he met the writer Marie de Gournay who admired his work and would later edit and publish it. King Henry III was assassinated in 1589, and Montaigne then helped to keep Bordeaux loyal to Henry of Navarre, who would go on to become King Henry IV.

Montaigne died in 1592 at the Château de Montaigne and was buried nearby. Later his remains were moved to the church of a Commandery of St. Antoine at Bordeaux.

Essays

See the main article: Essays.

External links

• The Charles Cotton translation of some of Montaigne's essays:
  • plain text version by Project Gutenberg
  • HTML version at the University of Adelaide
  • searchable HTML version at Oregon State University
• The complete, searchable text of the Villey-Saulnier edition from the ARFTL project at the University of Chicago (French)
• Timeline and links
• The Montaigne Studies Journal at the University of Chicago
• Photos of his chateau, his personal belongings, and his grave
• A German resource: http://www.michel-montaigne.de
• Société des Amis de Montaigne (French)
• The Great Conversation Yahoo discussion group will be discussing a selection of Montaigne's essays in the months of June and July, 2005. The selections are: Of Custom, and That We Should Not Easily Change a Law Received; Of Pedantry; Of the Education of Children; That It Is Folly to Measure Truth and Error by Our Own Capacity; Of Cannibals; That the Relish of Good and Evil Depends in a Great Measure upon the Opinion We Have of Them; Upon Some Verses of Virgil.