List of languages by total speakers

This page attempts to present a list of languages by total native speakers. Note, however, that lists such as this may vary somewhat depending upon the definition given to certain terms. In particular, the exact difference between "dialect" and "language" is often important.

An example of where this can have an impact is the case of Arabic, which can be considered either a single language or a group of related languages. The World Almanac, the CIA World Factbook, and Ethnologue, the sources of the tables given below, consider the varieties of Arabic to be separate languages. If the spoken varieties listed by Ethnologue are considered as forms of a single Arabic language, it appears in fourth place with about 220 million speakers.

A similar situation occurs with Chinese. If all the varieties of Chinese are counted as a single language, then Chinese appears in first place with over 1.2 billion speakers. If counted separately, then five varieties of Chinese are found in the top 25.

Note that these lists only take into account first-language (native) speakers. Counting second language speakers is extremely difficult and approximate at best.

Ethnologue estimate (1999)

For the original table breakdown provided here, see List of Languages with 20 million or more native speakers

The following table is based largely on a list of the world's top 100 languages published by Ethnologue in 1999. [1] Many of the estimates in the original table were for years prior to 1999.

• 1. Mandarin Chinese: 885 million speakers
• 2. English: 402
• 3. Spanish: 332
• 4. Bengali: 189
• 5. Hindi: 182
• 6. Portuguese: 181
• 7. Russian: 145
• 8. Japanese: 127
• 9. German, Turkish: 120
• 10. Wu Chinese: 90–95
• 11. Punjabi: 89 ¹
• 12. Javanese: 75.5
• 13. Korean: 75
• 14. French: 72
• 15. Marathi: 71.8
• 16 Eastern Turkish 69
• 17. Vietnamese: 67.4
• 18. Telugu: 66.4
• 19. Cantonese (Yue Chinese): 65–70
• 20. Tamil: 63.1
• 21. Italian: 61.5
• 22. Urdu: 58
• 23. Min Nan Chinese: > 50
• 24. Ukrainian: 47.8
• 25. Egyptian Arabic: 46.3
• 26. Jinyu Chinese: 45
• 27. Gujarati: 46.1
• 28. Polish: 42.7
• 29. Xiang Chinese: 40–45
• 30. Persian: 31.3 ²
• 31. Malayalam: 35.8
• 32. Hakka Chinese: 34
• 33. Kannada: 33.7
• 34. Azerbaijani: 32 ³
• 35. Oriya: 31
• 36. Sunda: 27
• 37. Bhojpuri: 26.6
• 38. Gan Chinese: 25
• 39. Maithili: 24.3
• 40. Hausa: 24.2
• 41. Romanian: 23.5
• 42. Dutch: 22.8
• 43. Burmese: 22
• 44. Sindhi: 21.4
• 45. Algerian Arabic: 21.1
• 46. Awadhi: 20.5
• 47. Thai: 20.2
• 48. Yoruba: 20

Notes

Note 1: Punjabi is separated into two languages by Ethnologue: Western Punjabi (60,647,207) and Eastern Punjabi (27,109,000). In addition, the Mirpur dialect (1,022,000) is also taken into account. This total is based on new figures in the 15th edition.

Note 2: Ethnologue splits Persian (Farsi) into two languages: Eastern Farsi (7 million) and Western Farsi (24.28 million).

Note 3: Azerbaijani is split by Ethnologue into North Azerbaijani (about 7 mln. speakers) and South Azerbaijani (about 24.4 mln. speakers).

World Almanac estimates (2005)

The World Almanac 2005 estimates for first language speakers are as follows:

1. Mandarin Chinese 874 million
2. English 514 million
3. Hindustani 496 million
4. Spanish 425 million
5. Russian 275 million
6. Arabic 256 million
7. Bengali 215 million
8. Portuguese 194 million
9. Malay/Indonesian 176 million
10. French 129 million

CIA World Factbook estimates (2000)

The CIA World Factbook provides the following estimates of "first language" speakers for the year 2000 (percentage of world population; CIA's 2000 estimate for world population was 6.081 billion [2]).

1. Chinese, Mandarin 14.37% (874 million)
2. Hindi 6.02% (366 million)
3. English 5.61% (341 million)
4. Spanish 5.59% (339 million)
5. Bengali 3.4% (207 million)
6. Portuguese 2.75% (167 million)
7. Russian 2.63% (160 million)
8. Japanese 2.06% (125 million)
9. German, Standard 1.64% (100 million)
10. Korean 1.28% (78 million)
11. French 1.27% (77 million)

Source: CIA – The World Factbook — World

Summary table

Values presented are in millions, and sorted by median, including languages with 70 million or more primary speakers. Because different sources break down the languages differently, this table can be used to determine relative popularity, but not to determine absolute ordinal ranks.

• ETH = Ethnologue (1999)
• WAM = World Almanac (2005)
• CIA = CIA Factbook (2000)
• SIL = (1998) Summer Institute for Linguistics (SIL) Ethnologue Survey [3]
• ENC = (1998) Encarta [4]
• WEB (1997) “The World’s 10 Most Influential Languages” in Language Today [5]

See also

• List of languages
• Wikipedia articles per population

External links

• CIA – The World Factbook
• M.Turner compares five language surveys – first language vs total speakers, degree of influence, etc. Plus graphs and charts.
• 100 most widely spoken languages
• Top 100 languages
• Ethnologue
• Hindi Urdu combination 1 billion speakers
• Unicode.org Top Languages by GDP Graphs