Joseph Coulon de Jumonville
Joseph Coulon de Villiers, Sieur de Jumonville (b. 1718 – d. May 28, 1754) was a French Canadian military officer. His defeat at the Battle of Jumonville Glen and his murder after surrendering to George Washington would set off the French and Indian War.
Jumonville was born in New France, the son of a French military officer. He began service with the French military at age 15 in his father's unit.
In June 1754, Jumonville was stationed at Fort Duquesne with his older half-brother Louis Coulon de Villiers.
On May 23, 1754, Jumonville, now an ensign, took command of a 35 man detachment from the fort and headed southwest. The exact nature of Jumonville's mission has been the subject of considerable debate both at the time and up to the present day. Officially his mission was to scout the area south of the fort. The French would later claim that he was a diplomat on a peaceful mission to deliver a message to the British. The British contended that he was sent to spy on their garrison at Fort Necessity and their road building project. Half King, the leader of a band of Mingo's allied to the British, believed he was planning an ambush.
On May 27, 1754, a group of native American scouts discovered Jumonville's party camped in a small valley (later called Jumonville Glen) near what is now Uniontown, Pennsylvania. Half King went to Washington and pled with him to attack the French encampment, claiming it was a hostile party sent to ambush them.
Washington took a detachment of about 40 men from Fort Necessity and marched all night in a driving rain arriving at the encampment at dawn. What happened next, like so much about the incident, is a matter of controversy. The British claimed the French discovered their approach and opened fire on them. The French claimed the British ambushed their encampment. In either event, the battle lasted little more than 15 minutes and was an complete British victory. Ten French soldiers were killed and 21, including Jumonville, who was wounded, were captured.
Washington treated Jumonville as a prisoner of war and extended him the customary courtesies due a captured military officer. Washington attempted to interrogate Jumonville but the language barrier made communication difficult. During their conversation however, Half King walked up to Jumonville and without warning struck him in the head with a tomahawk killing him.
Why Half King did this has never been entirely clear. It is however widely believed that he held a near pathological hatred of all Frenchmen blaming them for being kidnapped and sold into slavery as a child.
When word reached Fort Duquesne about the incident, Jumonville's half brother, Captain Coulon de Villiers, vowed revenge. He attacked Washington and the garrison at Fort Necessity and forced them to surrender on July 3, 1754. In the surrender document, written in French, Coulon de Villiers inserted a clause describing Jumonville's death as an "assassination". Washington, who did not speak French, signed the document. The "assassination" of the French "diplomat" Jumonville would later be used as propaganda by the French during the conflict.
Washington was heavily criticized in Britain for the incident. British statesman Horace Walpole referred to the controversy surrounding Jumonville's death as the "Jumonville Affair" and described it as "a shot fired by a young Virginian in the backwoods of America [that] set the world on fire."
External Links
Categories: French and Indian War people