Computer science

Computer scientists study what programs can and cannot do (see computability), how programs can efficiently perform specific tasks (see algorithms and complexity), how programs should store and retrieve specific kinds of information (see data structures and databases), how programs might behave intelligently (see artificial intelligence), and how programs and people should communicate with each other (see human-computer interaction and user interfaces).

Most research in computer science has focused on von Neumann computers or Turing machines (computation models that perform one small, deterministic step at a time). These models resemble, at a basic level, most real computers in use today. Computer scientists also study other models of computation, which includes parallel machines and theoretical models such as probabilistic, oracle, and quantum computers.

Edsger Dijkstra said:

Computer science is no more about computers than astronomy is about telescopes.

The renowned physicist Richard Feynman said:

Computer science is not as old as physics; it lags by a couple of hundred years. However, this does not mean that there is significantly less on the computer scientist's plate than on the physicist's: younger it may be, but it has had a far more intense upbringing!

Computer science has roots in electrical engineering, mathematics, and linguistics. In the last third of the 20th century computer science emerged as a distinct discipline and developed its own methods and terminology. The first computer science department in the United States was founded at Purdue University in 1962, while the first college entirely devoted to computer science was founded at Northeastern University in 1980. Prior to this, CS was taught as part of mathematics or engineering departments, for instance at the University of Cambridge in England and at the Gdansk University of Technology in Poland, respectively. Cambridge claims to have the world's oldest taught qualification in computing. Most universities today have specific departments devoted to computer science, while some conjoin it with engineering, with applied mathematics, or other disciplines.

Related fields

Computer science is closely related to a number of fields. These fields overlap considerably, though important differences exist

• Computer engineering is the analysis, design, and construction of computer hardware.
• Computer graphics is the field of visual computing, where one uses computers both to generate visual images synthetically and to integrate or alter visual and spatial information sampled from the real world.
• Computer programming is the act to write program code.
• Information science or Informatics is the study of data and information, which includes how to create, interpret, analyze, store, retrieve, transfer, and manage it. Information science started as the scientific foundation for communication and databases. It also concerns about the ways people generate, use and find information (see Cognitive science).
• Information security is the analysis and implementation of information system security, like cryptography.
• Information systems (IS) is the application of computing to support the operations of an organization: operating, installing, and maintaining the computers, software, and data.
• Lexicography focus on the study of lexicographic reference works and include the study of electronic and Internet-based dictionaries.
• Linguistics is the study of languages; it converges with computer science in such areas as programming language design and natural language processing.
• Logic is a formal system of reasoning, and studies principles that lay at the basis of computing machines, whether it be the hardware (digital logic) or software (verification, AI etc.) levels.
• Management information systems (MIS) is a subfield of information systems, that emphasizes financial and personnel management.
• Mathematics shares many techniques and topics with computer science, but is more general. Theoretical computer science is the mathematics of computing.
• Software engineering emphasizes analysis, design, construction, and testing of useful software. Software engineering includes development methodologies (such as the waterfall model and extreme programming) and project management.
• Information Technology
• Computing

The name of the field

The name "computer science" immediately gives the impression that the field is the study of computers, the everyday machines that run programs and perform computations. Nonetheless, the field (as noted above) is both wider and more abstract than this name would suggest. Alternate names such as "computation science" have been proposed, but the traditional name remains the most common.

In French, the discipline is named informatique, in German Informatik, in Polish informatyka and in Dutch informatica. However, informatics in English is not directly synonymous with computer science; it is actually more equivalent with information theory.

Major fields of importance for computer science

Mathematical foundations

• Boolean algebra
• Discrete mathematics
• Graph theory
• Information theory
• Mathematical logic
• Domain theory
• Probability and Statistics

Theoretical computer science

• Algorithmic information theory
• Computability theory
• Cryptography
• Formal semantics
• Theory of computation (or theoretical computer science)
  • Analysis of algorithms and problem complexity
  • Logics and meanings of programs
  • Mathematical logic and Formal languages
• Type theory

Hardware

(see also electrical engineering)

• Control structures and Microprogramming
• Arithmetic and Logic structures
• Memory structures
• Input/output and Data communications
• Logic Design
• Integrated circuits
  • VLSI design
• Performance and reliability

Computer systems organization

(see also electrical engineering)

• Computer architecture
• Computer networks
  • Distributed computing
• Performance of systems
• Computer system implementation

Software

• Computer program and Computer programming
  • Parallel Programming
  • Program specification
  • Program verification
• Programming techniques
• Software engineering
  • Optimization
  • Software metrics
  • Configuration management and Software Configuration Management (SCM)
  • Structured programming
  • Object orientation
  • Design patterns
  • Documentation
• Programming languages
• Operating Systems
• Compilers
  • Lexical analysis
  • Parsing

Data and information systems

• Data structures
• Data storage representations
• Data encryption
• Data compression
• Data recovery
• Coding and Information theory
• Files
  • File formats
• Information systems
  • Databases
  • Information Storage and retrieval
  • Information Interfaces and Presentation

Computing methodologies

• Symbolic and Algebraic manipulation
• Artificial intelligence
• Computer graphics
• Image processing and computer vision
• Pattern recognition
  • Speech recognition
• Simulation and Modeling
• Document and text processing
• Digital signal processing

Computer applications

• Administrative data processing
  • Enterprise resource planning
  • Customer relationship management
  • Human Resource Management Systems
• Mathematical software
  • Numerical analysis
  • Automated theorem proving
  • Computer algebra systems
• Physical science and Engineering
  • Computational chemistry
  • Computational physics
• Life and medical sciences
  • Bioinformatics
  • Computational biology
  • Medical informatics
• Social and behavioral sciences
• Computer-aided engineering
• Robotics
• Human-computer interaction
  • Speech synthesis
  • Usability engineering
• Telecommunications
  • Queueing theory

Computing milieux

• Computer industry
• History of computing hardware
• Unsolved problems in computer science
• Computers and education
• Computers and society
  • Computer supported cooperative work
• Legal aspects of computing
  • Free software and Open Source
• Management of computing and Information systems
• Personal computing
• Computer and information security

History

• History of computing
• Origins of computer terms
• Early programming projects
• Computer science departments
• Timeline of algorithms

Prominent pioneers in computer science

• John Vincent Atanasoff, built the first electronic digital computer: the ABC Computer. Differently than ENIAC, allegedly the first all-electronic computer designed to be Turing-complete, the ABC Computer was not programmable.
• Charles Babbage, designed and built a prototype for a mechanical calculator and designed the more powerful Analytical Engine.
• John Backus, invented FORTRAN (Formula Translation), the first practical high-level programming language, and he formulated the Backus-Naur form that described the formal language syntax.
• Alonzo Church, founded contributions to theoretical computer science, specifically for the development of the lambda calculus and the discovery of the undecidable problem within it.
• James W. Cooley and John W. Tukey, for the Fast Fourier Transform and its impact on scientific research.
• Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard, invented the proto-object oriented language SIMULA.
• Edsger Dijkstra, for algorithms, Goto considered harmful, the semaphore (programming), rigor, and pedagogy.
• Gottlob Frege, whose development of first-order predicate calculus was a crucial precursor requirement to develop computation theory.
• C.A.R Hoare, for the development of the formal language Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP) and Quicksort.
• Kurt Godel, for his 1930 proof that demonstrated that Peano axiomatized arithemetic could not be both logically consistent and complete in first-order predicate calculus. Church, Kleene, and Turing developed the foundations of computation theory based on corallaries to Godel's work in 1930.
• Admiral Grace Murray Hopper, pioneered work on the necessity for high-level programming languages, which she termed automatic programming, and wrote the A-O compiler, which heavily influenced the COBOL language.
• Kenneth Iverson, invented the APL and for his contribution to interactive computing.
• Jacek Karpinski, developed the first differential analyzer that used transistors, and he developed one of the first machine learning algorithms for character and image recognition. Also the inventor of one of the first minicomputers, the K-202.
• Stephen Cole Kleene, pioneered work with Alonzo Church in Lambda Calculus that first laid down the foundations of computation theory.
• Donald Knuth, for The Art of Computer Programming series and TeX.
• Gottfried Leibniz, whose huge advances in symbolic logic, such as the Calculus ratiocinator, were heavily influential on Gottlob Frege, who development of first-order predicate calculus was crucial for the theoretical foundations of computer science.
• Ramon Llull, for his multiple symbolic representations machines, his ars combinatoria, and his pioneered notions of symbolic representation and manipulation to produce knowledge. He was a HUGE influence on Leibniz.
• Ada Lovelace, began the study of scientific computation, specifically for her "Sketch of the Analytical Engine", an analysis of Babbage's work and for the namesake for the modern computer language, Ada.
• John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, designed and built the ENIAC, the first all electronic Turing-complete computer, and the UNIVAC I, the first commercially available computer in the United States. Their work on the ENIAC at the University of Pennsylvania was highly influential on John von Neumann and the Institute for Advanced Study when they did pioneering work in computer architecture.
• John McCarthy, invented the LISP, a functional programming language.
• John von Neumann, devised the von Neumann architecture upon which most modern computers are based.
• Claude E. Shannon, founded information theory.
• Alan Turing, for founding contributions to computer science, for the formulation of the Turing machine computational model, and for the design of the Pilot ACE.
• Maurice Wilkes, built the first practical stored program computer to be completed and for being credited with the ideas of several high-level programming language constructs.
• Konrad Zuse built a binary computer, for which he allegedly devised a theoretical high level programming language, Plankalkül.

The highest honor in computer science, analogous to the Nobel Prize, is the Turing Award. See list of computer scientists for many more notables.

See also

• List of basic computer science topics
• Computing
• List of computing topics
• History of computing
• History of computing hardware
• Turing Award (ACM)
• IEEE John von Neumann Medal
• Computer jargon
• Computer slang
• Internet
• Multimedia
• Data acquisition
• Benchmark
• Sensor network
• Online computations and algorithms
• Computer numbering formats
• List of publications in computer science
• List of open problems in computer science

External links

• Riverside Graphics Lab
• Open Directory Project: Computer Science
• Collection of Computer Science Bibliographies
• Belief that title "science" in "computer science" is inappropriate