Ann Arbor staging

Ann Arbor staging is the staging system for lymphomas, both in Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It was initially developed for Hodgkin's, but has some use in NHL. It has roughly the same function as TNM staging in solid tumors.

The stage depends on both the place where the malignant tissue is located (as located with biopsy, CT scanning and increasingly positron emission tomography) and on systemic symptoms due to the lymphoma ("B-symptoms": night sweats, weight loss of >10% or fevers).

Principal stages

The principal stage is determined by location of the tumor:

• Stage I indicates that the cancer is located in a single region, usually one lymph node and the surrounding area. Stage I often will not have outward symptoms.
• Stage II indicates that the cancer is located in two separate regions, an affected lymph node or organ within the lymphatic system and a second affected area, and that both affected areas are confined to one side of the diaphagm – that is, both are above the diaphragm, or both are below the diaphragm.
• Stage III indicates that the cancer has spread to both sides of the diaphragm, including one organ or area near the lymph nodes or the spleen.
• Stage IV indicates that the cancer has spread beyond the lymphatic system and involves one or more major organs, possibly including the bone marrow or skin.

Modifiers

These letters can be appended to some stages:

• A or B: the absence of constitutional (B-type) symptoms is denoted by adding an "A" to the stage; the presence is denoted by adding a "B" to the stage.
• E: is used if the disease is "extranodal" (not in the lymph nodes) or has spread from lymph nodes to adjacent tissue.
• X: is used if the largest deposit if >10 cm large ("bulky disease"), or whether the mediastinum is wider than 1/3 of the chest on a chest X-ray.

Type of staging

The nature of the staging is (occasionally) expressed with:

• CS – clinical stage as obtained by doctor's examinations and tests.
• PS – pathological stage as obtained by exploratory laparotomy (surgery performed through an abdominal incision) with splenectomy (surgical removal of the spleen).

Limitations

The staging does not take into account the grade (biological behavior) of the tumor tissue. The prognostic significance of bulky disease, and some other modifiers, were introduced with the "Cotswolds modification" (Lister et al 1989).

History

The Ann Arbor classification is named after Ann Arbor, Michigan, where the Committee on Hodgkin's Disease Staging Classification met in 1971; it consisted of experts from the USA, UK, Germany and France, and replaced the older Rye classification from a 1965 meeting (Rosenberg 1966). The Cotswolds modification followed after a 1988 meeting in the UK Cotswolds.

References

• Carbone PP, Kaplan HS, Musshoff K, Smithers DW, Tubiana M. Report of the committee on Hodgkin’s disease staging classification. Cancer Res 1971;31:1860–1. PMID 5121694.
• Lister TA, Crowther D, Sutcliffe SB, Glatstein E, Canellos GP, Young RC, Rosenberg SA, Coltman CA, Tubiana M. Report of a committee convened to discuss the evaluation and staging of patients with Hodgkin's disease: Cotswolds meeting. J Clin Oncol 1989 Nov;7(11):1630–6. PMID 2809679.
• Rosenberg SA. Report of the committee on the staging of Hodgkin’s disease. Cancer Res. 1966;26:1310.

External link

• Citation classics (PDF, Current Contents/Clinical Practice 1983;50:22) – Prof Paul P. Carbone commenting on the impact of the Ann Arbor classification (from the Citation Classics library)