20th-century philosophy

The 20th century brought with it upheavals that produced a series of conflicts within philosophy over the basis of knowledge, with classical certainties thought to be overthrown, and new social, economic, scientific and logical problems, 20th-century philosophy was set for a series of attempts to reform and preserve, and to alter or abolish, older knowledge systems. Seminal figures include Sigmund Freud, Friedrich Nietszche, Ernst Mach, John Dewey. Epistemology and its basis was a central concern, as seen from the work of Martin Heidegger, Karl Popper, Claude Lévi-Strauss and Bertrand Russell. Phenomenologically oriented metaphysics undergirded existentialism and finally postmodern philosophy.

List of philosophers

• Gottlob Frege (1848–1925)
• Booker T. Washington (1856–1915)
• Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913)
• Theodore Herzl (1860–1904)
• W.E.B. DuBois (1868–1963)
• Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948)
• Vladimir Lenin (1870–1924)
• Bertrand Russell (1872–1970)
• George Edward Moore (1873–1958)
• Albert Schweitzer (1875–1965)
• Mohammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948)
• Martin Buber (1878–1965)
• Albert Einstein (1879–1955)
• Leon Trotsky (1879–1940)
• Joseph Stalin (1879–1953)
• Oswald Spengler (1880–1936)
• Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881–1995)
• Ludwig von Mises (1881–1973)
• Jose Ortega y Gasset (1883–1955)
• John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946)
• Ernst Bloch (1885–1977)
• Georg Lukacs (1885–1971)
• Niels Bohr (1885–1962)
• Marcus Garvey (1887–1940)
• Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951)
• Martin Heidegger (1889–1976)
• Rudolf Carnap (1891–1970)
• Antonio Gramsci (1891–1937)
• Michael Polanyi (1891–1976)
• Mao Zedong (1893–1976)
• Max Horkheimer (1895–1973)
• Georges Bataille (1897–1962)
• Leo Strauss (1899–1973)
• Friedrich Hayek (1899–1992)
• Hans-Georg Gadamer (1900–2002)
• Jacques Lacan (1901–1981)
• Henri Lefebvre (1901–1991)
• C.L.R. James (1901–1989)
• Mortimer Adler (1902–2001)
• Karl Popper (1902–1994)
• Eric Hoffer (1902–1983)
• Theodor Adorno (1903–1969)
• B. F. Skinner (1904–1990)
• Ayn Rand (1905–1982)
• Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980)
• Hannah Arendt (1906–1975)
• Emmanuel Levinas (1906–1995)
• Nelson Goodman (1906–1989)
• Maurice Blanchot (1907–2003)
• Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908- )
• Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908–1961)
• Simone de Beauvoir (1908–1986)
• W.V. Quine (1908–2000)
• Simone Weil (1909–1943)
• Isaiah Berlin (1909–1997)
• Kenneth E. Boulding (1910–1993)
• Kukrit Pramoj (1911–1995)
• Marshall McLuhan (1911–1980)
• Czeslaw Milosz (1911–2004)
• Milton Friedman (1912- )
• Albert Camus (1913–1960)
• Roland Barthes (1915–1980)
• John Henrik Clarke (1915–1998)
• Georg Henrik von Wright (1916–2003)
• Donald Davidson (philosopher) (1917–2003)
• Louis Althusser (1918–1990)
• Paul de Man (1919–1983)
• John Rawls (1921–2002)
• Cornelius Castoriadis (1922–1997)
• Thomas Samuel Kuhn (1922–1996)
• Imre Lakatos (1922–1974)
• Rene Girard (1923 – )
• Walter Pitts (1923–1969)
• Jean-François Lyotard (1924–1998)
• Paul Feyerabend (1924–1994)
• Gilles Deleuze (1925–1995)
• William F. Buckley, Jr. (1925- )
• Michel Foucault (1926–1984)
• Gore Vidal (1925- )
• Hilary Putnam (1926- )
• Noam Chomsky (1928- )
• Jürgen Habermas (1929- )
• Jean Baudrillard (1929- )
• Pierre Bourdieu (1930–2002)
• Jacques Derrida (1930–2004)
• Guy Debord (1931–1994)
• Roger Penrose (1931- )
• Paul Virilio (1932- )
• Robert Nozick (1938–2002)
• Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe (1940- )
• Jean-Luc Nancy (1940- )
• John Zerzan (1943- )
• Slavoj Zizek (1949- )
• Steven Pinker (1954- )

Notable accompanying movements

• Analytic philosophy
• Anarchism
• Atheism
• Black Nationalism
• Catholicism
• Communism
• Critical theory
• Deconstruction
• Existentialism
• Fascism
• Feminism
• Fundamentalism
• Futurism
• Genocide
• Imperialism
• Libertarianism
• Maoism
• Modernism
• National Socialism
• Nihilism
• Objectivism
• Pan Africanism
• Phenomenology
• Political Science
• Post-structuralism
• Postmodernism
• Relativism
• Sociology
• Socialism
• Stalinism
• Structuralism
• Trotskyism
• Zionism