1848

1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar).

Events

• The Revolutions of 1848 (qv.), a series of widespread but failed struggles for more liberal governments, from Brazil to Hungary.
• January 24 – California gold rush: James W. Marshall finds gold at Sutter's Mill, in Coloma, near Sacramento
• January 26 – Henry David Thoreau addresses the Concord Lyceum with "The Rights and Duties of the Individual in Relation to Government" (which later came to be known as Civil Disobedience).
• February 2 – Mexican-American War: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is signed, ending the war.
• February 2 – California Gold Rush: The first ship with Chinese emigrants seeking fortune in California's gold country arrive in San Francisco.
• February 21 – Karl Marx publishes The Communist Manifesto.
• February 24 – Abdication of Le Roi-Citoyen (citizen king) Louis Philippe, King of the French and the proclamation of the Second Republic.
• March 7 – The Great Mahele (land division) is signed in Hawaii.
• March 10 – The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is ratified by the United States Senate, ending the Mexican-American War.
• March 15 – Revolution breaks out in Pest. The Habsburg rulers are compelled to meet the demands of the Reform party.
• March 20 – King Ludwig I of Bavaria abdicates
• March 23 – Province of Otago in New Zealand is founded.
• March 29 – An upstream ice jam stops almost all water flow over Niagara Falls for 30 hours
• April 10 Chartist 'Monster Rally' held in Kennington Park London, headed by Feargus O'Connor. A petition demanding the franchise is presented to parliament.
• May 15 – Radicals invade the France Chamber of deputies
• May 19 – Mexican-American War: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – Mexico ratifies the treaty thus ending the war and ceding Texas, California and most of Arizona and New Mexico to the United States for $15 million dollars.
• May 29 – Wisconsin is admitted as the 30th U.S. state.
• July 19 – Women's rights: The two day Women's Rights Convention opens in Seneca Falls, New York and the "Bloomers" are introduced at the feminist convention.
• July 29 – Irish Potato Famine: Tipperary Revolt – In Tipperary, an unsuccessful nationalist revolt against British rule is put-down by a government police force.
• August 19 – California Gold Rush: The New York Herald breaks the news to the East Coast of the United States, that there is a gold rush in California (although the rush started in January)
• August 28 – Mathieu Luis, first black member joins the French parliament as a representative of Guadaloupe
• November 1 – In Boston, Massachusetts, the first medical school for women, The Boston Female Medical School (which later merged with Boston University School of Medicine), opens.
• November 3 – Greatly revised Dutch constitution proclaimed
• November 7 – U.S. presidential election, 1848: Zachary Taylor is elected president in the first US presidential election held in every state on the same day.
• December 2 – Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria, abdicates in favor of his nephew, Franz Josef I.
• December 10 – Prince Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte elected first president of the French Second Republic.
• December 20 – President Bonaparte takes his Oath of Office in front of the French National Assembly.

• Cholera epidemic in New York kills 5000
• Associated Press founded in New York
• Queen College for women founded in London
• Wave of republican and democratic uprisings throughout Europe, mostly unsuccessful (see Revolution of 1848).
• Women hold Seneca Falls Convention in New York.
• Boston Public Library is founded by an act of the Great and General Court of Massachusetts
• First railway in Spain is opened, with line Barcelona to Mataró (circa 40 km).
• Illinois and Michigan Canal is completed.
• Independent Republic of Yucatan joins Mexico in exchange for Mexican help in suppressing revolt by Maya Indians.
• Serfdom is abolished in Austro-Hungarian Empire.
• John Bird Sumner becomes archbishop of Canterbury.
• British, Dutch, and German governments lay claim to New Guinea.
• Admiral Nevelskoi explores Strait of Tartary.
• Dunedin, New Zealand is founded by Scots settlers.
• University of Ottawa is founded.
• University of Mississippi is founded.
• University of Wisconsin, Madison is founded.
• Geneva College in Pennsylvania is founded.
• Holmes County, Florida is created.
• Elizabeth Gaskell publishes Mary Barton anonymously.
• Henrik Ibsen publishes first play Catilina.
• Ivar Aasen publishes Grammar of the Norwegian Dialects.
• Robert Schumann composes opera Genoveva.
• Richard Wagner begins writing libretto that will become Der Ring des Nibelungen (The Ring of the Nibelung).

Ongoing events

• Mexican-American War (1846–1848)

Births

• January 6 – Hristo Botev, Bulgarian revolutionary (d. 1876)
• January 19 – John F. Stairs, Canadian businessman and statesman (d. 1904)
• January 21 – Henri Duparc, French composer (d. 1933)
• February 5 – Joris-Karl Huysmans, French author (d. 1907)
• February 5  – Belle Starr, American outlaw (d. 1889)
• February 8 – Joel Chandler Harris, American journalist and author (d. 1908)
• February 16 – Octave Mirbeau French art critic and novelist (d. 1917)
• February 18 – Louis Comfort Tiffany, American glass artist (d. 1933)
• February 24 – Andrew Inglis Clark, Tasmanian politician (d. 1907)
• February 24  – Grant Allen, Canadian author (d. 1899)
• February 25 – Edward Harriman, railroad entrepreneur
• February 27 – Hubert Parry, English composer (d. 1918)
• March 10 – Albert Fraenkel, physician (d. 1916)
• March 19 – Wyatt Earp, American lawman and gunfighter (d. 1929)
• March 31 – Viscount William Astor, British financier and statesman (d. 1919)
• April 10 – Hubertine Auclert, French feminist (d. 1914)
• May 23 – Otto Lilienthal, German engineer (d. 1896)
• June 7 – Paul Gauguin, French artist (d. 1903)
• July 6 – Gabor Baross, Hungarian statesman (d. 1892)
• July 15 – Vilfredo Pareto, Italian economist (d. 1923)
• July 22 – Winfield Scott Stratton, American miner (d. 1902)
• July 25 – George Robert Aberigh-Mackay, Anglo-Indian writer (d. 1881)
• July 25 – Arthur James Balfour, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1930)
• November 13 – Albert I of Monaco (d. 1922)
• Randall Thomas Davidson, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1930)

Deaths

• January 19 – Isaac D'Israeli, English author (b. 1766)
• February 23 – John Quincy Adams, 6th President of the United States (b. 1767)
• March 29 – John Jacob Astor, American businessman (b. 1763)
• April 8 – Gaetano Donizetti, Italian composer (b. 1797)
• June 27 – Denis Auguste Affre, Archbishop of Paris (b. 1793)
• July 4 – François-René de Chateaubriand, French writer and diplomat (b. 1768)
• August 7 – Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Swedish chemist (b. 1779)
• August 12 – George Stephenson, English locomotive pioneer (b. 1781)
• November 9 – Robert Blum, German politician (b. 1810)
• November 23 – Sir John Barrow, English statesman (b. 1764)
• November 24 – Lord Melbourne, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1779)
• December 19 – Emily Brontë, English author (b. 1818)
• Edward Baines, British newspaperman and politician (b. 1774)